ABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate the role of hippocampal mast cells in the early postoperative cognitive impairment in rats.@*Methods@#Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 4 groups (n=20 each) using a random number table method: normal saline control group (group C), cromolyn injected into lateral cerebral ventricle group (group L), operation group (group O), and cromolyn injected into lateral cerebral ventricle plus operation group (group LO). Cromolyn 2 μl (100 μg/ul) was intracerebroventricularly injected in L and LO groups.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in C and O groups.Open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced 30 min later in O and LO groups.Contextual fear conditioning and Y-maze tests were performed at 1 and 3 days after operation, and the freezing time and the number of learning trails were recorded.The animals were then sacrificed, and hippocampal tissues were obtained for determination of activated mast cell count (by toluidine blue staining) and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) mRNA (by polymerase chain reaction).@*Results@#Compared with group C, the number of learning trails was significantly increased, and the freezing time was shortened, the number of activated mast cells in hippocampi was increased, and the expression of IL-1β mRNA was up-regulated at 1 and 3 days after operation, and the expression of TNF-α mRNA was up-regulated at 1 day after operation in group O(P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group L (P>0.05). Compared with group O, the number of learning trails was significantly decreased, and the freezing time was prolonged, the number of activated mast cells in hippocampi was decreased, and the expression of IL-1β mRNA in hippocampi was down-regulated at 1 and 3 days after operation, and the expression of TNF-α mRNA in hippocampi was down-regulated at 1 day after operation in group LO (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Activation of hippocampal mast cells can induce central inflammatory responses and is involved in the mechanism of early postoperative cognitive impairment in rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the role of hippocampal mast cells in the early postoperative cognitive impairment in rats.Methods Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 200-250 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=20 each) using a random number table method:normal saline control group (group C),cromolyn injected into lateral cerebral ventricle group (group L),operation group (group O),and cromolyn injected into lateral cerebral ventricle plus operation group (group LO).Cromolyn 2 μl (100 μg/ul) was intracerebroventricularly injected in L and LO groups.The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in C and O groups.Open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced 30 min later in O and LO groups.Contextual fear conditioning and Y-maze tests were performed at 1 and 3 days after operation,and the freezing time and the number of learning trails were recorded.The animals were then sacrificed,and hippocampal tissues were obtained for determination of activated mast cell count (by toluidine blue staining) and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) mRNA (by polymerase chain reaction).Results Compared with group C,the number of learning trails was significantly increased,and the freezing time was shortened,the number of activated mast cells in hippocampi was increased,and the expression of IL-1β mRNA was up-regulated at 1 and 3 days after operation,and the expression of TNF-α mRNA was up-regulated at 1 day after operation in group O (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group L (P＞0.05).Compared with group O,the number of learning trails was significantly decreased,and the freezing time was prolonged,the number of activated mast cells in hippocampi was decreased,and the expression of IL-1β mRNA in hippocampi was down-regulated at 1 and 3 days after operation,and the expression of TNF-α mRNA in hippocampi was down-regulated at 1 day after operation in group LO (P＜0.05).Conclusion Activation of hippocampal mast cells can induce central inflammatory responses and is involved in the mechanism of early postoperative cognitive impairment in rats.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the status of the anxiety and depression in the inpatients of the otolaryngology with hospital anxiety and depression scale(HADs). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to September 2016 at the Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University. We recruited 624 Chinese otolaryngology's inpatients to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression using the HADs. HADs consists of 14 items, depression(seven items) and anxiety(seven times), each with four choices numbered alphabetically. Each of the subscales' scores ranges from 0 to 21, corresponding to total scores of 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater distress. Psychological distress was assessed for adult inpatients among the department of otolaryngology by a standardized HADs. In addition, the nasal bone fracture patients were treated as control and compared it to other diseases. Demographic data and clinical information collected from the patients and their hospital records were reviewed. RESULTS 1. Patients with sensorineural hearing loss, secretory otitis media, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, peripheral facial paralysis, chronic sinusitis, polyp of vocal cord, laryngeal paralysis, fungal sinusitis and OSAHS revealed depressive and anxiety symptoms in comparison with the control. 2. Psychological distress of patients with sensorineural hearing loss and laryngeal paralysis were significantly related to education, which the anxiety or depression scores tended to increase with the education(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Depression and anxiety disorders were common in the local population of otolaryngology's inpatients. Recognizing the predictors for psychiatric morbidity could assist clinicians to identify those patients with a predisposition to developing psychiatric complications, and refer them for appropriate treatment. We recommend screening for psychological distress in patients with some otolaryngological diseases using a simple HAD tool to identify those patients who might benefit from a more psychologically based approach to therapy.
ABSTRACT
Teaching rounds is an important part of clinical teaching but it is difficult to implement in place for a variety of reasons. To endocrine and metabolic section as an example, Lack of enthusiasm, inadequate preparation and other issues result that teaching rounds is difficult to achieve the desired effect in the teaching rounds, especially in the English teaching rounds. In view of the above situation, based on the concept of PBL to carry out teaching rounds in English is not only an important method to cultivate the clinical thinking of medical students, but also an important measure to improve teachers' and students' English proficiency, as well as to cultivate medical students' clinical thinking. The last but not the least, carrying out teaching rounds in English is an important measure for medical education reform and improve-ment. Facts have proved that carrying out teaching rounds in English has a high practicality and feasibility in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of IL-1 7A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and fear conditioning test.Methods Among 70 male SD rats aged 18 months, firstly,thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups:control group(group A),LPS 6 h group (group B),12 h group(group C),24 h group(group D),48 h group(group E).Group A were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline and groups B,C,D and E were injected with LPS 500 μg/kg.Ani-mals of groups A,B,C,D and E were killed respectively after LPS injection and their hippoeampus tis-sue was detected for the concentration of IL-1 7A.Secondly,forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group(group O),IL-1 7A antibody group(group P),LPS group (group Q),IL-1 7A antibody+LPS group(group R).Group P and group R were injected intracerebroventricularly with IL-1 7A antibodies 3 μl (200 μg/μl),groups O and Q were injected equal volume of normal saline.30 min later,groups Q and R were injected intraperitoneally with LPS 500 μg/kg,groups O and P were in-jected equal volume of normal saline.24 h later,contextual fear conditioning test was performed. Then,all animals were killed and their hippocampus tissue would be detected for the concentration of TNF-αand IL-6,as well as the expression of Iba1-positive cells.Results The concentration of IL-1 7A of groups B,C,D and E increased significantly compared with group A (P <0.01 ),there was no difference between groups E and A.The freezing time of groups Q and R was significantly shortened than that in group O(P <0.01 or P <0.05 ),the freezing time of group R was significantly longer than that in group Q(P <0.01).The concentration of TNF-αand IL-6 of groups Q and R was obvi-ously higher than group O(P <0.01 ),the concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 of group R lower than group Q(P <0.01).The expression of Iba1-positive cells in hippocampal area CA1 of groups Q and R was obviously increased compared with group O(P <0.01).Compared with group Q,the expression of Iba1-positive cells in hippocampal area CA1 of group R were obviously decreased (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion IL-1 7A is implicated in the early stage of LPS-induced neuroinflammation and the chan-ging of freezing time in contextual fear conditioning in aged rats.